Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Mitigation Measures

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Mitigation Measures Outline

Training Course of Small Scale Water Resources Project (SSWRP-II) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Mitigation Measures Dr. A.K.M. Saiful IslamBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Lecture Topic TEU, BMF , IW  Environmental Parameters aiful Islam . S  Potential Impact on infrastructure development .M.K projects r. A D  Thana Road Project Thana Irrigation Schemes easures @  Thana Drainage and Embankment Projects  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) itigation M  Environmental Protection Measures and M IAE

T Environmental Parameters EU, BMF is components of environment. It can be grouped into major components. , IW aiful Islam . S .M ECOLOGY .K r. A D easures @ PHYSICO- CHEMICAL itigation M HUMAN INTEREST and M IAE

T Ecology EU, BMF , IW  Aquatic  Terrestrial aiful Islam . S  Fisheries .M  Forest .K r. A  Eutrophication  Wildlife D  Aquatic Weeds  Species diversity  easures @ Species diversity  Endangered species  Endangered species itigation M and M IAE

T Physico-chemical EU, BMF , IW  Land  Groundwater aiful Islam  Erosion and Siltation . S  Regional Hydrology .M  .K Backwater Effect  Recharge r. A  Bank stability D  Water table  Drainage  Water Pol ution  Soil characteristics easures @  Surface water  Atmosphere  Regional Hydrology itigation M  Air pol ution  Silt Load and M  Dust Pol ution IA  Water Pol ution E  Noise Pol ution

T Human Interest EU, BMF , IW  Health  Socio-Economic aiful Islam  Land Loss . S  Diseases .M  Crop Production .K r. A  Sanitation  Aquaculture D  Nutrients  Irrigation Navigation easures @  Aesthetic  Flood Control  Landscape  Transport itigation M  Re-settlement  Recreation  Employment and M IA  Agro-industrial E

T Potential Impacts on Environment EU, BMF , IW  A change in system exerts certain influence on aiful Islam many different environmental parameters . S resulting a net positive or negative impact on the .M.K environment. r. A D  Impact on major Infrastructure development easures @ projects such as:  Thana road projects Thana irrigation schemes itigation M  Thana Drainage and embankment projects and M IAE

T Ecological Impact EU, BMF , IW  (a) Fisheries: Fisheries aiful Islam  (-) Roads prevent longitudinal and . S lateral migration of fishes in the flood .M.K plain r. A  (-) Obstruct movement of fishes onto D natural feeding and breeding grounds in the flood plain. Fish breeding ground  (b) Forest: easures @  (-) Roads running through forest area and plantations may be the cause of itigation M destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology of the forest. and M IAE Road running through forest

T Ecological Impact EU, BMF  , IW (c) Plantation:  (+) The roadsides may be used for plantation of trees which is Roadside plantation aiful Islam favorable impact of road . S construction. .M  (d) Wetland and Wetland Habitant: .K  (-) The road may encroach r. A D wetlands which may alter the ecology of wetlands and may cause destruction of wetland habitat. wetland easures @  (e) Nuisance Plant/Eutrophication:  (-) The Roads running through forest area and plantations may be itigation M the cause of destruction of trees in the forest and alteration of ecology and M of the forest. IAE Eutrophication

T Physico-chemical Impact EU, BMF , IW  (a) Erosion and Siltation  (-) causes erosion during flood and siltation in the aiful Islam . S downstream. .M.K  (b) Drainage Congestion /Water r. A logging Road erosion D  (-) roads interfere with cross drainage and can cause flooding or drainage easures @ congestion in adjacent areas during periods of high itigation M precipitation.  (-) May cause crop damage, and M water pol ution and breeding IAE of mosquitoes. Road side water logging

T Physico-chemical Impact EU, BMF , IW  (c) Regional Hydrology/Flooding aiful Islam  (-) Roads constructed across flood . S plains perpendicular to the direction of .M water flow cause back water effect .K and increase duration, frequency and r. A extent of flooding in the up stream. D  (d) Obstruction to Waste water flow Road obstruction to drainage easures @  (-) Roads may obstruct the drainage of sewage and industrial waste water loading to serious pol ution problem. itigation M  (e) Dust /Noise Pol ution  (-) Dust raised from unpaved rural and M roads and blown by the vehicles can IAE pose a health hazard and damage vegetation along the sides of the road. Dust pollution

T Impact on Human Interest EU, BMF , IW  (a) Loss of Agricultural Lands aiful Islam  (-) Construction of any road is associated . S with the loss of agricultural lands. .M.K  (b) Generation of Employment r. A Opportunities D  (+) Construction of road generates temporary employment during project Agricultural land implementation and permanent easures @ employment during maintenance phase.  (c) Navigation and Boat Communication itigation M  (-) Roads interference with navigation and boat communication at least for certain and M period of the year. IA Road construction E

T Impact on Human Interest EU, BMF , IW  (d) Commercial and Service Facilities aiful Islam  (+) The thana roads provide benefit of fast communication . S communication, transport facilities etc. .M.K  (e) Industrial Activities r. A D  (+) Road communication promotes industrial activities.  (f) Irrigation Facilities easures @ Borrow-pit Irrigation  (+) Borrow-pits by the side of the roads provide facility for smal scale irrigation. itigation M  (g) Landscape  (-) Scattered borrow pits, unauthorized and M growth around road , erosion result in IAE marred landscape. Scattered borrow-pit

Training Course of T Small Scale Water Resources Project (SSWRP-II) EU, BMF , IW Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) aiful Islam . S .M.K r. A D easures @ itigation M and M IAE

TE Environmental Impact Assessment U, BMF (EIA) , IW  Assessment of the beneficial and adverse aiful Islam changes in environment resources or values . S resulting from a proposed project. .M.K r. A D  Essential Elements 1. Identification of possible positive or negative easures @ impacts of the project. 2. Quantifying impacts with respect to common base.3. Preparation of mitigation plan to offset the negative itigation M impacts. and M IAE

TEU, B Methods of Assessment MF , IW  Environmental Impact Value aiful Islam . S .M.K n r. A EIV = ∑ V ( W ) D i i i=1 easures @  Vi = Relative change of the environmental quality of parameters itigation M  Wi= Relative importance or weight or parameter and M IA  N = total number of environmental parameters E

TE Quantification of Environmental U, BMF Impact , IW  Changes of environmental aiful Islam parameters . S .M.K  Severe (+5 or -5) Severe r. A D  Higher (+4 or -4) Higher  Moderate (+3 or -3) Moderate Low easures @  Low (+2 or -2) Very Low (+1 or -1) Very low itigation M No change  No change (0) 0 1 2 3 4 5 and M IAE

TE Relative importance of U, BMF Environmental Parameters , IW  Al parameters are not equal importance or aiful Islam weight. . S .M.K  It varies from country to country r. A D  In Bangladesh flood, employment, agriculture, fisheries carry more importance. easures @  In next slide, a summary of relative importance of parameters for Thana Road project is presented. itigation M and M IAE

T EIA Procedure EU, BMF , IW 1. Preparatory Works – study report aiful Islam . S 2. Data collection – from al sources, survey .M.K 3. Data Analysis – convert to change scale r. A D 4. Impact Evaluation – relative weight easures @ 5. Mitigation and Monitoring Plan 6. Preparation of Report – help decision itigation M makers and M IAE

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative Degree of EIV TE Importance Impact U, B Value MF I. ECOLOGICAL -19 , IW Fisheries 10 -2 Forest 5 0 aiful Islam Tree Plantation 2 +1 . S .M Wetland/Wetland Habitant 4 0 .K r. A Nuisance Plant/Eutrophication 1 -1 D II. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL -13 Erosion and Siltation 2 -1 easures @ Regional Hydrology/Flooding 6 -1 Drainage Congestion/Water logging 5 -1 itigation M Obstruction to Waste Water Flow 3 0 and M Dust Pol ution/Noise Pol ution 2 0 IAE

ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS Relative Degree of EIV TEU Importanc Impact , B e Value MF III. HUMAN INTEREST +27 , IW Loss of Agricultural Lands 8 +3 Employment Opportunities 8 +4 aiful Islam Navigation/Boat Communication 3 -3 . S .M Commercial and Service Facilities 6 +3 .K r. A Industrial Activities 3 +2 D Irrigation Facilities 2 +3 Landscape 2 -1 easures @ Total Environmental Impact Value -5 itigation M and M IAE

Training Course of T Small Scale Water Resources Project (SSWRP-II) EU, BMF , IW aiful Islam . S .M.K Adverse Environmental Impacts and r. A D Mitigation Measures easures @ itigation M and M IAE

TEU, B 1. Loss fish breeding MF , IW  1. Action: aiful Islam  Loss of breading, nursery and . S feeding ground in flood plain. .M.K  1. Impact: Fish breeding r. A D  Reduction in Fish protein consumption.  Unemployment of fisherman. easures @  1. Mitigation Measures:  Allow controlled flooding. itigation M  Compensate the loss by fish and M culture. IAE Fish farm

TEU, B 2. Obstruction to fish migration MF , IW  2. Action: aiful Islam . S  Obstruction to mitigation of fish. .M.K  2. Impact: r. A D  Same as 1.  2. Mitigation Measures: Fish ladder easures @  Provide adequate opening in roads and embankments along itigation M routes of fish migration. and M IAE Fish pass

TEU, B 3. Uncontrol ed Pesticide MF , IW  3. Action: aiful Islam  Reproduction failure and . S destruction of fish by .M.K uncontrol ed use of pesticide. r. A D  3. Impact: Applying Pesticide  Same as 1.  3. Mitigation Measures: easures @  Adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for pest itigation M control.  Prevent drainage from and M IA agriculture land from E reaching water bodies. Bugs used in IPM

TEU, BMF , IW aiful Islam . S .M.K r. A D easures @ itigation M and M IAE

TEU, B 4.Drying up of wetland MF , IW  4. Action:  Drying up of the wetlands for aiful Islam agriculture purpose and . S destruction of habitat for fish, .M.K birds, amphibians etc. r. A  4. Impact: D  Reduction in Fishery. Elimination of species of fish, birds, amphibians etc. easures @  Disruption of wetland ecology.  4. Mitigation Measures:  Avoid complete drying up of itigation M wetlands and swamp land.  Restore alternative habitat for endangered species. and M IAE wetland

TEU, B 5.Cutting trees MF , IW  5. Action: aiful Islam  Clearing of forest lands and cutting of trees . S within the right-of-way of the road. .M.K  5. Impact: r. A Cutting forest D  Reduction in forest cover.  Reduction in forest products.  Disruption of forest ecology. easures @  5. Mitigation Measures:  Find alternative route to avoid forest itigation M through planning exercise.  Replace the trees by plantation along and M road sides. IA Cutting trees on road E

TEU, B 6.Spreading Nuisance plants MF , IW  6. Action: aiful Islam  Spreading of nuisance plants from . S borrow pit. .M.K  6. Impact: r. A D  Damage crops during flood.  6. Mitigation Measures:  Incorporate destruction of such easures @ plants in maintenance program.  Convert the plants into a compost itigation M for application as a soil conditioner/manure. Nuisance plants and M IAE

TEU, B 7.Pol ution from drainage MF , IW  7. Action: aiful Islam  Discharge nutrient enriched . S agricultural land drainage in .M surface water. .K  7. Impact: r. A D  Causes eutrophication and surface water pol ution.  Makes the water unsuitable for easures @ beneficial uses.  Destroys aquatic environment.  7. Mitigation Measures: itigation M  Prevent agricultural land Agriculture drainage pollution drainage from reaching from and M IA reaching surface waters. E

TEU, B 8.Water pol ution MF , IW  8. Action:  Reaching residues of pesticides aiful Islam . S in surface and groundwater from .M agricultural lands. .K  8. Impact: r. A D  Cause water pollution. Contaminates sources of water supply. easures @  Pesticides residues accumulate in bio-mass.  8. Mitigation Measures: itigation M  Reduce use of pesticides through IPM. and M  Prevent agricultural land Agriculture runoff IAE drainage from reaching surface water.

TEU, B 9.Erosion and Siltation MF , IW  9. Action:  Erosion of road and embankment surfaces aiful Islam and sides, road openings, bed and banks of . S rivers/canals subsequent silation in down .M stream. .K  9. Impact: r. A  Cause damage to road and embankment. D  Affect stability of road/embankment and their structures.  Increases turbidity of water. Erosion of embankment easures @  Siltation of canal bed and agricultural lands.  9. Mitigation Measures:  Select appropriate soils for road and embankment construction. itigation M  Compact the road materials properly. Provide proper slope for surface drainage and M and vegetation cover. IAE  Provide adequate opening for discharge of flood and accumulated rain water. Sediment Loading

TE 10.Drainage congestions and U, BMF water logging , IW  10. Action: aiful Islam  Drainage congestion and . S water logging .M.K  10. Impact: r. A  Crop damage and loss of D Drainage canal agricultural lands.  Cause water pol ution. easures @  Provide ground fro mosquito breeding.  10. Mitigation Measures: itigation M  Provide adequate opening for drainage. and M IA  Provide facilities for E pumping of congested Pumping of drained water water.

TE 11. Disruption of Regional U, BMF Hydrology , IW  11. Action:  Disruption of regional hydrology aiful Islam through obstruction of flood flow. . S  .M Back water effect due to .K constructions across flood plains. r. A  11. Impact: D  Increase duration, severity and frequency of flood. Hydrologic Cycle  Changes flooding pattern and easures @ ground water recharge.  11. Mitigation Measures:  Avoid road construction across the flood plain in the direction itigation M perpendicular to flood flow.  Provide adequate opening for and M flood flow. IAE Road across flow direction

T 12. Backflow from drainage canal EU, BMF , IW  12. Action: aiful Islam  Backflow of water through . S .M drainage canals. .K  12. Impact: r. A D  Causes early flooding.  12. Mitigation Measures: Gate of regulator easures @  Install regulator to control inflow and itigation M outflow through drainage canal. and M IAE Regulator

T 13. Obstruction to waste water EU, BMF , IW  13. Action:  Obstruction to waste water flow aiful Islam by roads and embankments. . S .M  13. Impact: .K r. A  Create water pol ution. D  Deteriorates quality of environment. Adequate drainage easures @  13. Mitigation Measures:  Provide drainage structure. itigation M  Install pumping facilities. and M  Install treatment plant for IAE waste water treatment. Drainage structure

T 14. Dust blowing from construction EU, BMF , IW  14. Action:  Dust blowing from unpaved roads during construction and movement aiful Islam of vehicles. . S  14. Impact: .M.K  Health hazards due to dust r. A pol ution. D Dust blowing  Damage to vegetation and trees along the road.  14. Mitigation Measures: easures @  Control moisture content during construction by watering. itigation M  Stabilize road surface with a suitable stabilizer. Compaction and M  Increase vegetation cover on IA road surface and slopes. E Vegetationcover

15. Pol uted irrigation water TEU, BMF  15. Action: , IW  Use of irrigation water with high and imbalance salt content.  15. Impact: aiful Islam  Increase soil salinity and . S alkanity/acidity .M.K  Alteration of soil texture and permeability. r. A Irrigation tail water may contain D  Affects soil fertility. pollutants such as pesticide  15. Mitigation Measures: residues, sediment, nutrients  Use surface water where available. and salt. easures @  Conduct chemical analysis of ground water before use and select the aquifer producing good quality water. itigation M  Determine salinity of surface water in coastal areas before use as and M irrigation water. IAE Purification of polluted irrigation water by using riparian plants.

T 16. Contaminated irrigation water EU, BMF , IW  16. Action:  Use of irrigation water with high iron aiful Islam content. . S .M  16. Impact: .K  Impart reddish color to top soil. r. A D  Changes soil texture and permeability.  16. Mitigation Measures: Contaminated water  Look for an alternative water source, easures @ the right strata producing water with low iron content. itigation M  Detain the aerated water in a reservoir, canal before application in and M the field. IAE Clear water for irrigation

T 17. Loss of agricultural land EU, BMF , IW  17. Action:  Loss of agricultural land. aiful Islam  17. Impact: . S .M  Deprives a group of farmers of their .K means of living. r. A D  Increases landlessness in the area. Agricultural land  Reduces employment in agriculture. Affects agricultural production. easures @  17. Mitigation Measures:  Plan the project to avoid fertile agricultural land. itigation M  Rehabilitate the affected people. Generate employment opportunities in and M IA other activities. E Loss of land due to road

TEU, B 18. Obstruction to navigation MF , IW  18. Action: aiful Islam  Obstruction to navigation and . S plying of boat. .M.K  18. Impact: r. A D  Disruption of cheap mode of transportation. Opening for navigationShould be above HFL  Adverse effects on communication. easures @  18. Mitigation Measures:  Provide openings at major itigation M routes and construct road structures leaving adequate and M clearance above high flood level IA for plying of boats. E Box culvert bridge

T 19. Change of Land ownership pattern EU, BMF , IW  19. Action:  Change in land ownership aiful Islam . S pattern within project area. .M.K  r. A 19. Impact: D  Inadequately distribution of Unequal distribution of water project benefits. easures @  19. Mitigation Measures: itigation M  Regulation of land ownership transfer in the and M IA project area. E Irrigation canal

T 20. Inadequate landscape EU, BMF , IW  20. Action: aiful Islam  Inadequate considerations to land . S use and landscape. .M.K  20. Impact: r. A  Landscape disfiguration by irregular Borrow pits D borrowpits, deep cuts, fil s, unplanned growth of shops, and other services. easures @  20. Mitigation Measures:  Replant disfigured surfaces. Use a design to blend with itigation M landscape.  Prevent unplanned construction and M IA and unauthorized uses of roads E and embankments. Blend landscape due to construction

TEU, B References: MF , IW aiful Islam . S  Guidelines on environmental issues .M.K related to physical planning, LGED, r. A D 1992. easures @  Environmental Impact Assessment, CERM, BUET, 2003. itigation M and M IAE

TE Thank you ! U, BMF , IW aiful Islam . S .M.K r. A D easures @ itigation M and M IAE

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