Building the Environment

Building the Environment Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems United Nations Environment Programme Urban Division of Technology, Industry and Economics Environmental Management

The UNEP-International Environment Technology Centre (IETC)Building the EnvironmentRoles for Urban Environmental Management Systems Copyright © 2003 UNEP-IETC This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP-IETC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from UNEP-IETC. First edition 2003 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMMEINTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CENTRE

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 UNE“P Enhancing Human Security: Safe Cities in the 21st Century” UNEP UNEP Building the Environment Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems Dr. Hari Srinivas Chief of Urban Environmental Management Unit International Environmental Technology Centre United Nations Environment Programme 2-110, Ryokuchi Koen, Tsurumi-ku, Osaka 538-0036, Japan Singapore, 4-7 November 2002. International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP U A N ft E erP UNE P more than half a decade of independence from colonial rule, problems still exist: • “Incomplete” democracy• Population increase• Low education and illiteracy• Unity in a multi-cultural context• National identity• Freedom and a sense of duty International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UN S E o P UNEP me of the current patterns of development visible UNEP in South Asia: • Reforms at State Level• Priority on Rural Development• Targeting Poverty• Changing Energy Patterns• Infrastructure Provision• Human Resource Development• Increasing attention to Social and Environmental Concerns • Private Sector Participation International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNEP UNEP Developing countries in Asia are going through three fundamental transitions: • Economic liberalization• Political decentralisation• Social empowerment International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE TP hese transitions are particularly visible in the UNEP UN gr E o P wing cities and urban areas of Asia: • Major population shifts to urbanized areas • Urbanization growth rates is at 2.4 percent per year • 1/4 to 1/3 of the population is urban • Six megacities (>10 mil pop.) are in south Asia International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE Ci P ties produce a high percentage of the national GDP: UNEP UNEP Estimated Country/Territory Urban GDP (%) Bangladesh 32 China 48 Fiji 34 Hong Kong 99 Indonesia 37 Korea, Republic 79 Malaysia 37 Myanmar 54 Philippines 53 Pakistan 47 The primacy of urban Singapore 100 Sri Lanka 42 areas, and their Thailand 41 contribution to the national GDP is rarely highlighted. International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNE B P ut significant urban environmental problems have UNEP risen as a result: Water Waste Air quality Energy Transportation Building and construction International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UN SE o P urces of CO2 Emissions in Construction versus Other UNEP U S N ouE r P ces (Converted to a Carbon Basis) Materials Other sources Production On average (62.7%) (10.9%) the constructionindustry accountsfor 37% of Global CO Emissions 2 Building Transport Oper ati on (5.0%) (10.2%) Business Operation Construction (9.9%) International Environmental Technology Centre work (1.3%) UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE Ci Pties also contribute considerably to environmental UNEP U p N ro E b P lems, local as well as global: Most environmental problems can be traced back, directly or indirectly, to cities. International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems U T N h E er P e is a clear cyclical link between cities and urban areas on UNEP on U e N h E a P nd, and global environmental problems on the other … Effects, impacts, Problems, shortages etc. causes, lifestyle issues, consumption patterns International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UN W E e P also need to understand the scale of urban environmental UNEP prU o N blE e P ms, from the micro to the macro: City/ National/ Household Community Urban Area Global International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP U TN h E erPe is a clear need for a new, comprehensive and UNEP holistic approach to cities: How can we (re)define Cities? • Cities as human settlements and population concentrations• Cities as centers of economic activity• Cities as areas with high quality of life (living and infrastructure) • Cities as repositories of knowledge, information and ideas• Cities as compact ecosystems International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE M P any new paradigms are emerging that calls for a UNEP U re N thE i P nking of how we manage our environment: Capacity Informed Building Consent Information Public Disclosure Choice Community Decentralization Participation Decision and Making Local Autonomy Processes Education Urban & Awareness Governance Building International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE ItP is not the growth of cities per se that is the UNEP UN pr E o P blem, but their effective management: The need of the day – Urban Governance 1. … for mainstreaming urban management Urban Capacity Building 2. … for repackaging cities International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE T P he first key component of urban management is UNEP U uN r E baP n governance: Urban Governance … for mainstreaming urban management Urban governance refers to the complex set of values, norms, processes, and institutions by which society manages its development and resolves conflict, formally and informally. It involves the state, but also the civil society. International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE T Phe second key component of urban management UNEP U i N s E urPban capacity building: Urban Capacity Building … for repackaging cities Urban capacity building is a process that involves value added instruction, the training of trainers, activities with multiplier effects, and networking. It involves both institutional capacity-building, as well as human capacity-building. International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNEP UNEP This is where Environmental Management Systems (EMS) comes in … International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNIE n P spiration for an urban EMS comes from ISO 14001 UNEP UNEP Environmental Policy Management Planning Review The ISO 14001 Cycle Checking and Implementation Corrective and Action Operation International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE UrP ban management require the GET Matrix to be UNEP U p N ut E i P Management n place: Systems Urban Components Governance Education Technology Solid Waste Water Energy Transportation Housing … Actors and International Environmental Technology Centre actions UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNEP UNEP – institutional frameworks- laws and legislation- monitoring and evaluation Governance – decision-making- role of civil society … – network infrastructure The – urban design- water “G.E.T.” EMS – energy Formula – waste management- social services Education Technology … – capacity building- training- information management- education and awareness- lifestyle changes … International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP We need a new look at urban environmental management UNEP UNEP • “New” Solutions – Prevention through Design- Reduction at Source- Reuse- Remanufacture- Recycle • New Mantra – “PR4”• New Concepts – “Materials Ecology, Design for the Environment, Building Metabolism” International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNE F P or cities, prevention is of course better than cure! UNEP • Prevention – “Conception – to – Resurrection”- Understand the local environment- Use local knowledge, skil s, materials and design principles/technologies – Design for the Environment- Management Systems- Good governance International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems U SN o EbPetter local environments leads to better human security UNEP UNEP • Increased employment • New markets created• Better use of resources• Reduced energy consumption• Reduced waste production• Reduced disposal of wastes• Reduced impact upon the environment Better quality of life and living conditions International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNEP UNEP Other security factors Better Better Better local living human environments conditions security Other security factors International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNE ThP e real focus is on local governments (in UNEP UNEP partnership with other local stakeholders) raising to the challenges posed by the environment: • Use global trends to develop the local environment • Partnerships need to be developed among all local actors • Proactive knowledge transfer to local stakeholders • In-depth and intensive scientific research for policy and project development International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

CITIES ASIA SUMMIT 2002 Building the Environment: Roles for Urban Environmental Management Systems UNEP UNEP UNEP Further information on UNEP-IETC and its activities/projects is available at: http://www.unep.or.jp/ or email: ietc@unep.or.jp International Environmental Technology Centre UNEP

The UNEP – DTIE International Environmental Technology Centre Established in April 1994, the International Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) is an integral part of the Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). It has offices at two locations in Japan – Osaka and Shiga. The Centre’s main function is to promote the application of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. IETC pays specific attention to urban problems, such as sewage, air pollution, solid waste, noise, and to the management of fresh water basins. IETC is supported in its operations by two Japanese foundations: The Global Environment Centre Foundation (GEC), which is based in Osaka and handles urban environmental problems; and the International Lake Environment Committee Foundation (ILEC), which is located in Shiga Prefecture and contributes accumulated knowledge on sustainable management of fresh water resources. IETC’s mandate is based on Agenda 21, which came out of the UNCED process. Consequently IETC pursues a result-oriented work plan revolving around three issues, namely: (1) Improving access to information on ESTs; (2) Fostering technology cooperation, partnerships, adoption and use of ESTs; and (3) Building endogenous capacity. IETC has secured specific results that have established it as a Centre of Excellence in its areas of specialty. Its products include: an overview on existing information sources for ESTs; a database of information on ESTs; a regular newsletter, a technical publication series and other media materials creating public awareness and disseminating information on ESTs; Local Agenda 21 documents developed for selected cities in collaboration with the UNCHS (Habitat)/UNEP Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP); training needs assessment surveys in the field of decision-making on technology transfer and management of ESTs; design and implementation of pilot training programmes for adoption, application and operation of ESTs; training materials for technology management of large cities and fresh water basins; and others. The Centre coordinates its activities with substantive organisations within the UN system. IETC also seeks partnerships with international and bilateral finance institutions, technical assistance organisations, the private, academic and non-governmental sectors, foundations and corporations. For further information, please contact: Osaka Office: Shiga Office: 2-110 Ryokuchi Koen, Tsurumi-ku, Osaka 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu City, Shiga 538-0036, Japan 525-0001, Japan Tel: 81-6-6915-4581 Tel: 81-77-568-4580 Fax: 81-6-6915-0304 Fax: 81-77-568-4587 Email: ietc@unep.or.jp Web: http://www.unep.or.jp/

www.unep.org United Nations Environment Programme P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254-2) 621234 Fax: (254-2) 623927 E-mail: cpinfo@unep.org Web: http://www.unep.org UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME – DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY AND ECONOMICS INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (UNEP – DTIE – IETC) Osaka Office Shiga Office 2-110 Ryokuchi koen, Tsurumi-ku, Osaka 538-0036, Japan 1091 Oroshimo-cho, Kusatsu City, Shiga 525-0001 Japan Telephone:+(81-6) 6915-4581 Telephone:+(81-77) 568-4581 Telefax:+(81-6) 6915-0304 Telefax:+(81-77) 568-4587 URL: http://www.unep.or.jp/ Email: ietc@unep.or.jp