Risk Management Program

Culling Monitor Lecture Slides/Handout The Handout for the slide set can be retrieved by pulling up (or printing) the note page in Power Point program .

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Culling Monitor 40 30 20 99 00 01 02 How to Monitor Your Herd’s Culling Program Ron Erskine, Phil Sears, Kathy Lee, Dann Bolinger, Roxanne Pillars

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Removal Monitoring cows leaving the farm is important in order to set goals and change management practices that effect the removal (cul ing) rate.

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Removal Monitoring cows leaving the farm is important in order to set goals and change management practices that effect the removal (cul ing) rate. Records are essential• Written records• Computerized records

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Culling Monitor

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Culling Mo Monito it r o Utilizing DHIA Records for Monitoring Turnover 12345678 EXAMPLE FARM PCDART REPORT

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DHI-202 goes here

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DHI-202 goes here

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12345678 EXAMPLE FARM PCDART REPORT 103 Animal Left Herd

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12345678 EXAMPLE FARM 12345678 EXAMPLE FARM

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EXAMPLE FARM

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EXAMPLE FARM

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Currently 2nd reason doesn’t appear on any reports, but can be found on individual cow pages. This will change soon.

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12345678 – EXAMPLE FARM

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For more detailed or more specific computerized records, you can utilize health codes or user defined fields.

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Removal Records • must be accurate• must be uniform (same terms)• set goals (use benchmarks)

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Culling Monitor BENCHMARKING • Helps you evaluate your herd’s performance and set realistic goals for improvement • Based on information from other herds  Herds with similar management (e.g. environment, number of cows, production level) or,  Herds with characteristics that you specify (e.g. based on management changes being considered on your farm–2x vs 3x, more cows, etc.)

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DHI-202 goes here

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Culling Monitor Distribution of Cows Leaving Herd Not rpt Dairy 7% 5% Low Prod Died 16% 17% Disease 6% Repro 16% Injury 13% Mastitis Ft & Legs Udder 10% Michigan DHIA Herds – 2002 7% 3%

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Lactation Reason for Leaving Herd Lact No. Dairy Culled Died Total 1st 0.8% 8.1% 1.8% 10.7% 2nd 0.5% 7.8% 1.5% 9.8% 3rd + 0.6% 13.3% 3.2% 17.1% ALL 1.9% 29.2% 6.5% 37.6% Cows left for each reason expressed as percentage of total cows in herd.DRMS – MI DHIA herds

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Lactation Reason for Leaving Herd Lact No. Dairy Culled Died Total 1st 2.1% 21.5% 4.7% 28.3% 2nd 1.2% 20.7% 4.1% 26.0% 3rd + 1.6% 35.5% 8.6% 45.7% ALL 4.9% 77.7% 17.4% 100.0% Expressed as % of all cows left herdDRMS – MI DHIA herds

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Lactation 9.0% 8.0% 7.0% 6.0% 5.0% L1 4.0% L2 L3+ 3.0% 2.0% 1.0% 0.0% Dairy Low Prod Repro Mastitis Udder Ft & Legs Injury Disease Died Not rpt As % of all c ows left herd

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Herd Production Level Reason for Leaving Herd RHA Milk Dairy Culled Died Total <21,000 2.1% 29.3% 6.9% 38.3% (n=337)21 to 24 1.7% 29.1% 6.3% 37.1% (n=219)>24,000 1.7% 29.7% 6.1% 37.5% (n=214)ALL 1.9% 29.2% 6.5% 37.6% (n=770) Expressed as % of total cows in the herd

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Culling Mo Monito it r o Cows Left Herd By Herd Production Level 20.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% <21000 8.0% 21000-24000>24000 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Dairy Low Prod Repro Mastitis Udder Ft & Legs Injury Disease Died Not rpt Expressed as % of all cows left herd

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Herd Size Reasons for Leaving Herd Herd Dairy Culled Died Total Size< 75 1.7% 27.7% 6.2% 35.6% (n=253)76 – 120 3.3% 26.9% 4.9% 35.1% (n=205)121 – 200 2.1% 30.4% 6.3% 38.8% (n=161)> 200 1.2% 30.1% 7.0% 38.3% (n=151)ALL 1.9% 29.2% 6.5% 37.6% (n=770) Expressed as % of total cows in herd

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Culling Monitor Cows Left Herd By Herd Size 20.0% 18.0% 16.0% 14.0% 12.0% <75 10.0% 76-120 8.0% 121-200> 201 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% Dairy Low Prod Repro Mastitis Udder Ft & Legs Injury Disease Died Not rpt Expressed as % of all cows left herd

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Culling Monitor Dairy Metrics • Benchmarking tool available through Dairy Records Management Systems (DRMS) • DHIA members – $5 per month during months accessed • Consultants – access based on fee that allows specified number of accesses • More information: www.drms.org

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Culling • Definitions and Concepts • What should be recorded? • Handy Information – Cows • Handy Information – Heifers

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Culling Monitor Definitions and Concepts • Case Definition• What do we mean when we say “mean” (average)? • Pitfalls of calculating rates

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Culling Monitor Case Definition • Most important part  Everyone agrees • Must be accurate – not based on a guess  I don’t know is a category, too! • Should have a “box” to place all possible events

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Culling Monitor What do we mean when we say a verage? • Average = Sum divided by the total number of animals • If 9 cows culled last year:  3 x 1st lact = 3  3 x 2nd lact = 6  3 x 3rd lact = 9  Average =18/9=2

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Culling Monitor Culling average (lactation) Average = 2 3 cows 3 cows 3 cows 3 2 Cull cows 1 0 Lact #1 Lact #2 Lact #3

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Culling Monitor What do we mean when we say a verage? • Average = Sum divided by the total number of animals • If 9 cows culled last year:  3 x 1st lact = 3 4 x 1st lact = 4  3 x 2nd lact = 6 1 x 2nd lact = 2  3 x 3rd lact = 9 4 x 3rd lact = 12 Sum = 18 Sum = 18 Average = 18/9 = 2 Average = 18/9 = 2

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Culling Monitor Culling average (lactation) Average = 2 4cows 1 cows 4 cows 4 3 2 Cull cows 1 0 Lact #1 Lact #2 Lact #3

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Culling Monitor What do we mean when we say a verage? • Weighted average  Bulk Tank SCC  100 lb cow has more impact than 40 lb cow • Distribution  Median: “The middle cow”  50% above, 50% below

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Culling What do we mean when we say Monitor average? Average month of lactation = 7.6 months 12 dell 10 uc 8 swo 6 c fo 4 reb 2 mu 0 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 average Months of lactation

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Culling What do we mean when we say Monitor average? Average month of lactation = 7.6 months Median = 6 months 12 dell 10 uc 8 swo 6 c fo 4 reb 2 mu 0 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 median average Months of lactation

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Culling What do we mean when we say Monitor average? Average month of lactation = 7.6 months dell 25 uc s 20 woc 15 fo re 10 bmu 5 N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 average Months of lactation

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Culling What do we mean when we say Monitor average? Average month of lactation = 7.6 months de Median = 3 months ll 25 uc s 20 woc 15 fo re 10 bmu 5 N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 median average Months of lactation

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Culling Monitor Pitfalls of Calculating Rates • Incidence (Rate)  Number of cases/ animals at risk/ time  Cases/ 100 cows/ year • Who is at risk?

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Culling Monitor Pitfalls of Calculating Rates  Who is at risk? • 200 cow dairy lost 2 cows to milk fever/down cow last year 2 cases / 200 cows/ year= 1 case/ 100 cows/ year

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Culling Monitor Who is at risk? “Milk Fever”

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Culling Monitor Who is at risk? “Milk Fever” Recently calved, older cows

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Culling Monitor Pitfalls of Calculating Rates  Who is at risk? • 200 cow dairy lost 2 cows to milk fever/down cow last year 2 cases / 200 cows / year= 1 case / 100 cows / year = 1% • BUT, what if …..  Only had 140 cows calve last year and only 50 were 3rd lactation or greater?  2 cases / 50 cows at risk / year  = 4 cases / 100 cows at risk / year = 4%

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Culling • Definitions and Concepts • What should be recorded? • Handy Information – Cows

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Culling What should be recorded? Monitor Cows • Number of calvings/ month• Number of cows milking/ month• For each lost cow  ID Date Cause Died, Culled DIM Lactation Health/ diagnostic history

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Culling Monitor Month Jan- 2002_ Removed from Herd – Cow Number of calvings/month ____20___ Number of cows milking/month____200____ Cow Date Lactation Calving/DI Removed Cause Health History ID M 1st 2nd 3+ Died Cull Code Reason 1st 2nd 47 1/22 X 12/26 27 X 11 9 Downer cow Milk fever, DA 35 1/23 X 10/6 109 X 7 Clinical mastitis 39 1/23 X 9/8 137 X 10 Lame/feet Laminitis 46 1/29 X 12/24 36 X 2 3 Open Twins, Ketosis 103 1/29 X 11/22 68 X X 7 Toxic mastitis Total 1 2 2 2 4 Reason for Removal – Code:1 Dairy Purpose 3 Infertility 5 Bad calving 7 Mastitis 9 Metobolic 11 Lamness 13 Johnes Disease 2 Low Production 4 Abortion 6 Cesarean 8 Disease 10 Injury 12 Downer 14 Unknown

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Culling Monitor Monitoring Culling • Definitions and Concepts • What should be recorded? • Handy Information – Cows • Handy Information – Heifers

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Culling What should be recorded? Monitor Heifers • Number of births/ month• For each lost heifer  ID  Date  Dam  Age  Cause  Died, Culled  Health/ diagnostic history

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Culling Monitor M on th_ _ __ __ _ __ R em oved from H erd – H eifer N u m be r of birth s /m o nth _ __ __ _ __ _ Cow ID Date A ge Calving/ Rem oved Cause Health His tory D IM 0- 30 30- 1y 1 y+ D ied Cul Code Reas oh 1st 1s 2nd 2n T o ta l Reason for Removal – C:ode 1 D a iry Pu rpo se 3 Re p rod uc tion5 Ba d c a lv ing 7 M astitis 9 M etob o lic 1 1 L a mn e ss 13 Joh nes D ise a se 2 Lo w Pro d uc tion 4 A b o rtion 6 Ce sa rea n 8 D is ea se 10 In ju ry 1 2 D o wn e r 14 U n kno w n

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Time Period:  ___ Cows Removed from the herd Reason            Mich Your Average    Goal    Herd Dairy    5% ___ ___ Died   17% ___ ___ Low Productio n     16%  ___ ___ Mastitis   10% ___ ___ Udder       3% ___ ___ Reproduction   16% ___ ___ Diseases     6% ___ ___   Milk fever/downer    <2% ___ ___   Displaceda bomasum  (DA)    <2% ___ ___   Hardware    <1% ___ ___   Johnes Disease    <5% ___ ___   other Diseases     <2% ___ ___ Lameness: feet & Legs  7% ___ ___    Laminitis    <5% ___ ___    Downer cows    <1% ___ ___ Injury 13% ___ ___ Unknown   7% ___ ___

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Time Period:  ___ Cows Removed from the herd Reason            Mich Your Average    Goal    Herd Dairy    5% ___ ___ Died   17% ___ ___ Low Productio n     16%  ___ ___ Mastitis   10% ___ ___ Udder       3% ___ ___ Reproduction   16% ___ ___ Diseases     6% ___ ___   Milk fever/downer    <2% ___ ___   Displaceda bomasum  (DA)    <2% ___ ___   Hardware    <1% ___ ___   Johnes Disease    <5% ___ ___   other Diseases     <2% ___ ___ Lameness: feet & Legs  7% ___ ___    Laminitis    <5% ___ ___    Downer cows    <1% ___ ___ Injury 13% ___ ___ Unknown   7% ___ ___

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Culling Monitor Case Study

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Culling Monitor Case Study • Goal of herd: maximize use of current facilities (125 cows) • Was last at capacity in May 1999• Since then averaging 80-110 cows in the milking herd. • Is there a culling problem?

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Culling Monitor Is there a Culling Problem and what is causing it? • Number of cows entering herd vs. number of cows leaving herd • Which cows are leaving (1st Lactation vs 2nd and greater Lactation)? • When are cows leaving?• Why are they leaving?

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Culling Cows entering herd vs Cows Monitor leaving herd Turnover Sum m ary 2000 & 2001 120 100 swo 80 Lactation 3+ f C 60 r o Lactation 2 eb 40 Lactation 1 muN 20 0 Entering herd Left Herd

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Culling Monitor When are Cows Leaving? DIM Cows Leave 2000 & 2001 35 Lactation 3+ 30 sw Lactation 2 25 o Lactation 1 20 f C r o 15 eb 10 mu 5 N 0 <30 31-60 61-80 81-100 101- 151- 201- >300 150 200 300 DIM

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Culling Monitor Why are Cows Leaving? 30 sw 25 Lactation 3+ o Lactation 2 20 f C Lactation 1 15 er o b 10 mu 5 N 0 Died astitis M Low Prod ReproDisease Other Feet Udder Unknown Reason for Culling

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Culling Monitor Month Jan-July 2000_ Removed from Herd – Cow Number of calvings/month ___ Number of cows milking/month___ Cow Date Lactation Calving/DI Removed Cause Health History ID M 1st 2nd 3+ Died Cull Code Reason 1st 2nd 47 1/22 X 12/26 27 X 9 Stepped on teat High SCC 35 1/23 X 10/6 109 X 5 High SCC 39 1/23 X 9/8 137 X 5 High SCC 46 1/29 X 12/24 36 X 9 RDA Twins, Ketosis 103 1/29 X 11/22 68 X 7 Ketosis Pneumonia, ketosis 94 1/31 X 10/21 102 X 2 Low Production Metritis, LDA, mastitis Total 7 5 10 6 16 Reason for Removal – Code:1 Dairy Purpose 3 Infertility 5 Mastitis 7 Disease 9 Other 11 2 Low Production 4 Abortion 6 Lameness 8 Unknown 10 12

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Time period   ____2000___ Time Period:  ___ Cows Removed from the herd Monitor ­ Herd Turnover Reason            Mich Your Number cows removed  _88_ Average    Goal    Herd Dairy    5% ___ ___0__ 27 19 Died   17% ___ __31__ Low Productio n     16%  ___ __16__ Mastitis   10% ___ ___8__ 14 Udder       3% ___ 12 ___2__ Reproduction   16% ___ ___22__   11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2010 ber cases Diseases     6% ___ __14__   Milk fever/downer    <2% ___ ___ Num   Displaceda bomasum  (DA)    <2% ___ ___   Hardware    <1% ___ ___   Johnes Disease    <5% ___ ___  3  4  5  6  7  8  9    other Diseases     <2% ___ ___ 1  2   Lameness: feet & Legs  7% ___ ___ D    Laminitis    <5% a D L R M U M D D I L J U ___ ___ i i o i i n o n r e e a d s s a y d w s i j h K   p d l p e u m P r ti e k a n l r n    Downer cows    <1% ___ r o   t F a s y e e o ___ o d i r s e c e n s w d u v e s e   u c e d s D n c t r s i   s t i / ­ Injury 13% ___ i o d a   e ___ o n o b fe a n w o e s n m t e e  & r as  l Unknown   7% u e ___ __16__ m gs

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Time period   ____2000___ Time Period:  ___ Cows Removed from the herd Monitor ­ Herd Turnover Reason            Mich Your Number cows removed  _88_ Average    Goal    Herd Dairy    5% ___ ___0__ 27 19 Died   17% ___ __31__ Low Productio n     16%  ___ __16__ Mastitis   10% ___ ___8__ 14 Udder       3% ___ 12 ___2__ Reproduction   16% ___ ___22__   11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2010 ber cases Diseases     6% ___ __14__   Milk fever/downer    <2% ___ ___ Num   Displaceda bomasum  (DA)    <2% ___ ___   Hardware    <1% ___ ___   Johnes Disease    <5% ___ ___  3  4  5  6  7  8  9    other Diseases     <2% ___ ___ 1  2   Lameness: feet & Legs  7% ___ ___ D    Laminitis    <5% a D L R M U M D D I L J U ___ ___ i i o i i n o n r e e a d s s a y d w s i j h K   p d l p e u m P r ti e k a n l r n    Downer cows    <1% ___ r o   t F a s y e e o ___ o d i r s e c e n s w d u v e s e   u c e d s D n c t r s i   s t i / ­ Injury 13% ___ i o d a   e ___ o n o b fe a n w o e s n m t e e  & r as  l Unknown   7% u e ___ __16__ m gs

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Time period   ____2000___ Monitor ­ Herd Turnover Number cows removed  _88_  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ber cases Num  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 1  2  D J U a D L R M U D D I o n i i n h K r e o e a d M i i s L y d w p s d s e ju a n n   i p r e P r ti e lk a m l o a y s r o ti r   s e w o d s F c e n   n d u e e s e D u c ve d s i c ti r a  s s t o b e i n /d ­ o o  f m e as Days on w e e n a t e s  & r u   m legs

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Culling Monitor What is causing the culling problem in this herd? • ???• What is the next step?  Where do you concentrate your efforts?  What additional information do you need?

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Culling Monitor Summary • In most herds, culling is a symptom, or result, of some management problem • The challenge is to determine what that problem is • That means monitoring  Remember–if you don’t monitor it, you can’t manage it!

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Culling Monitor Baseline info needed to monitor culling • Number of cows entering herd  Are they purchased or raised? • Number of cows leaving the herd• When the cows are leaving  DIM as well as month left • Why the cows are leaving  the more specific the better

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